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Using Almost-Everywhere Theorems from Analysis to Study Randomness

News
10 Oct 2016, published online
29 Feb 2016, Accepted by BSL
May 2015, Resubmitted.
3 Nov 2014. Submitted

Title
Using Almost-Everywhere Theorems from Analysis to Study Randomness
(with Jing Zhang and Andre Nies)

Type
Full paper

Journal
The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, Volume 22, Issue 3
September 2016, pp. 305-331
arXiv
The latest version is here.

Abstract
We study algorithmic randomness notions via effective versions of almost-everywhere theorems from analysis and ergodic theory. The effectivization is in terms of objects described by a computably enumerable set, such as lower semicomputable functions. The corresponding randomness notions are slightly stronger than Martin-Lo ̈f (ML) randomness. We establish several equivalences. Given a ML-random real z, the additional randomness strengths needed for the following are equivalent.
(1) all effectively closed classes containing z have density 1 at z.
(2) all nondecreasing functions with uniformly left-c.e. increments are differentiable at z.
(3) z is a Lebesgue point of each lower semicomputable integrable function.
We also consider convergence of left-c.e. martingales, and convergence in the sense of Birkhoff’s pointwise ergodic theorem. Lastly we study randomness notions for density of $\Pi^0_n$ and $\Sigma^1_1$ classes.