## Coherence of reducibilities with randomness notions

News
1 Feb 2016, accepted by TOCS

Title
Coherence of reducibilities with randomness notions

Type
Full paper

Journal
TOCS, post proceedings of CCR2016

Abstract
Loosely speaking, when $A$ is “more random” than $B$ and $B$ is “random”,
then $A$ should be random.
The theory of algorithmic randomness has some formulations of “random” sets
and “more random” sets.
In this paper, we study which pairs $(R,r)$ of randomness notions $R$
and reducibilities $r$ have the follwing property:
if $A$ is $r$-reducible to $B$ and $A$ is $R$-random,
then $B$ should be $R$-random.
The answer depends on the notions $R$ and $r$.
The implications hold for most pairs, but not for some.
We also give characterizations of $n$-randomness via complexity.

preprint

## Using Almost-Everywhere Theorems from Analysis to Study Randomness

News
10 Oct 2016, published online
29 Feb 2016, Accepted by BSL
May 2015, Resubmitted.
3 Nov 2014. Submitted

Title
Using Almost-Everywhere Theorems from Analysis to Study Randomness
(with Jing Zhang and Andre Nies)

Type
Full paper

Journal
The Bulletin of Symbolic Logic, Volume 22, Issue 3
September 2016, pp. 305-331
arXiv

Abstract
We study algorithmic randomness notions via effective versions of almost-everywhere theorems from analysis and ergodic theory. The effectivization is in terms of objects described by a computably enumerable set, such as lower semicomputable functions. The corresponding randomness notions are slightly stronger than Martin-Lo ̈f (ML) randomness. We establish several equivalences. Given a ML-random real z, the additional randomness strengths needed for the following are equivalent.
(1) all effectively closed classes containing z have density 1 at z.
(2) all nondecreasing functions with uniformly left-c.e. increments are differentiable at z.
(3) z is a Lebesgue point of each lower semicomputable integrable function.
We also consider convergence of left-c.e. martingales, and convergence in the sense of Birkhoff’s pointwise ergodic theorem. Lastly we study randomness notions for density of $\Pi^0_n$ and $\Sigma^1_1$ classes.

## Reducibilities relating to Schnorr randomness

News
22 Sep 2014. Accepted to publish in TOCS
24 Mar 2014. Submitted

Title
Reducibilities relating to Schnorr randomness

Type
Full paper

Journal
Theory of Computing Systems, 58(3), 441-462, 2016.
DOI: 10.1007/s00224-014-9583-3

Abstract
Some measures of randomness have been introduced for Martin- L ̈of randomness such as K-reducibility, C-reducibility and vL-reducibility. In this paper we study Schnorr-randomness versions of these reducibilities. In particular, we characterize the computably-traceable reducibility via relative Schnorr randomness, which was asked in Nies’ book (Problem 8.4.22). We also show that Schnorr reducibility implies uniform-Schnorr-randomness version of vL-reducibility, which is the Schnorr-randomness version of the result that K-reducibility implies vL-reducibility.

preprint

## Schnorr triviality and its equivalent notions

News
13 Sep 2013, Accepted by TOCS
23 Mar 2013, Submitted

Title
Schnorr triviality and its equivalent notions

Type
Full paper

Journal
Theory of Computing Systems (2015)
Volume 56, Issue 3 , pp 465-486
DOI: 10.1007/s00224-013-9506-8

preprint
KURENAI

## Unified Characterizations of Lowness Properties via Kolmogorov Complexity

News
19 Jan 2014, submitted
24 Mar 2015, published

Title
Unified Characterizations of Lowness Properties via Kolmogorov Complexity
(with T. Kihara)

Type
Full paper

Journal
Archive for Mathematical Logic: Volume 54, Issue 3 (2015), Page 329-358
DOI: 10.1007/s00153-014-0413-8

Abstract
Consider a randomness notion $\mathcal C$.
A uniform test in the sense of $\mathcal C$ is a total computable procedure that each oracle $X$ produces a test relative to $X$ in the sense of $\mathcal C$.
We say that a binary sequence $Y$ is $\mathcal C$-random uniformly relative to $X$ if $Y$ passes all uniform $\mathcal C$ tests relative to $X$.

Suppose now we have a pair of randomness notions $\mathcal C$ and $\mathcal D$ where $\mathcal{C}\subseteq \mathcal{D}$, for instance Martin-L\”of randomness and Schnorr randomness. Several authors have characterized classes of the form Low($\mathcal C, \mathcal D$) which consist of the oracles $X$ that are so feeble that $\mathcal C \subseteq \mathcal D^X$. Our goal is to do the same when the randomness notion $\mathcal D$ is relativized uniformly: denote by Low$^\star$($\mathcal C, \mathcal D$) the class of oracles $X$ such that every $\mathcal C$-random is uniformly $\mathcal D$-random relative to $X$.

(1) We show that $X\in{\rm Low}^\star({\rm MLR},{\rm SR})$ if and only if $X$ is c.e.~tt-traceable if and only if $X$ is anticomplex if and only if $X$ is Martin-L\”of packing measure zero with respect to all computable dimension functions.

(2) We also show that $X\in{\rm Low}^\star({\rm SR},{\rm WR})$ if and only if $X$ is computably i.o.~tt-traceable if and only if $X$ is not totally complex if and only if $X$ is Schnorr Hausdorff measure zero with respect to all computable dimension functions.